#4 Unethical Practices followed by Denis and Semmelweis

After going through the text, we realized all the troubles and hardship that Denis and Semmelweis had to overcome. Though they had different way of gathering a information. And on their way to gather information, they made lots of ethical breaches and followed unethical research practice.

Animal poaching in Africa.

Armand Denis indirectly supported animal hunting and poaching. No animals should be hurt during a research. Armand Denis also bribed to collect information. There are two instances where Armand Denis bribed people.

He promised Pigneys with Tobacco in order to get information and to convince them to help him in his hunt of elephant king.
Also in order to get the skull of that elephant, which was supposed to have four tusks, he had to promise the "African" guy with stuffs like Flash light and other things.

On the other hand, Semmelweis treated pregnant women as test subjects. He subjected healthy women for his experimental verification. He was trying to verify whether the childbed fever was caused by un-washed hands. Physicians in that hospital were exposing the infection, unknowingly, to the women in labor. They were not washing their hands after performing autopsy. That was how they acted as a carrier of the infection.

Experiments being conducted on human.

Even if they were doing research to get to a conclusion, they happen to do ethical breaches and followed unethical research practices.

Image Source : Internet

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#11 Write an essay using Toulmin's model on an appropriate topic based on your reading of ' Keeping Errors at Bay'.

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Animal hunting and poaching is a serious crime. As seen in Armand Denis’ The four-Tusked Elephant, if a person is determined to do something for his sake, whatever the way is, he will end up doing it. Many animals may have lost lives for his search for the Four-Tusked elephant. The constitutions of different countries grants protection to these animals. And for the people trying to poach these animals, the constitutions grant severe punishment, which is imprisonment or fine. Some of the countries even grants death penalty for the person trying to defy Animal Protection Act. Source www.elephantjournal.com We can see lot of newspaper article quoting “Twelve people arrested with five tiger-skins” or “People trying to cross border with 15 Rhino horns taken into custody”. People risk their lives to kill animals and sell these animals’ body parts for money. The international market offer huge amount of money to tempt these peoples. Even with these strict rules, it i

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